Apart from the important
points in the Jungjohann list, there are many co-benefits of the Energiewende that are widely ignored, in
part because there are no near-time monitoring data to feed the news
cycle. Here is my list; it is work in
progress and I welcome suggestions what should be added.
Climate (Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
·
Carbon dioxide (CO2),
strongly down (that‘s the point!)
·
Methane (CH4),
strongly down from mining and gas extraction (incl. fracking), pipelines
·
Water vapour (H2O),
down from reduced combustion of fossil fuels
·
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
– effect unclear
·
Ozone (O3) – down (electric mobility); lower pollution
with O3 precursors
·
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) – fossil industry use probably down, but unclear
Environment & Conservation
·
Air: SO2, NOX,
(with benefits for biodiversity), reduced emissions of mercury, particulate
matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), O3 (as precursors
are reduced), black carbon, …
·
Water: Reduced water
demand for mining, extraction, fracking, thermal power plants
·
Less water pollution
from mine drainage, bore-well and fracking fluids, injection, ...
·
Reduce heat loads on
rivers (and in urban air-sheds), with positive effects on biodiversity
·
Waste: reduced
quantities from fossil industries, processing, combustion plants (e.g.
tailings, flue-gas desulphurization gypsum, slag and fly ash, …)
·
Chance to address
long-term storage, management & safeguarding of nuclear waste
·
Soil: reduced
acidification, heavy metals; No more drill cuttings ploughed into soils
·
Avoidance of destruction
of ecosystems (mountain-top removal, open-cast mining, …)
·
Avoidance of subsidence
(local earthquakes from settling of ground after mining, fracking)
·
Reduced risk of oil
spills, especially in marine and Arctic environment, or gas leaks
·
Removing blots from
landscape: Distributed generation reduces net grid load and allows dismantling
of some power lines around former thermal power plants (nuclear, coal, lignite,
…)
·
Environmental Policy
Integration (EPI): Transport, Industries, Housing & Buildings
·
…
Economic & Fiscal
·
Business creation and
innovation dynamics; Stimulating (domestic) investment, attracting technology
leaders (foreign direct investment with additional job creation)
·
Job creation,
predominantly in rural areas; across all skill levels
·
Tax revenue increase; no
more excuses for perverse subsidies for fossil & nuclear
·
Stabilization of social
security: more revenue, fewer toxics in environment (air)
·
Lower system cost
(prices); improved competitiveness, attracting inward investment; the point
most overlooked: The new energy system is cheaper to build, run and maintain
than the old
·
(Indirect) Import
substitution: Improves balances of trade and payment
·
Reducing vulnerability
to economic shocks on world markets for fossil energies
·
Economic stabilization
by the renewable energy sector (through anti-cyclical investment)
·
Improved energy system
reliability or security/resilience of electricity supply
·
Additional income stream
for farmers (diversification); rural development benefits
·
Option to reallocate to
better use the massive and unaccounted for nuclear research
·
Dynamic efficiency gains
through smart-grid enabled demand flexibility and response
·
Facilitating retail
participation in investment (capital formation by “crowd funding”)
·
Increasing
opportunities for creating added value at local level (municipal enterprise)
·
…
Social, Ethical, Governance
·
Benefits for rural
employment, rural economy, rural development; solar, wind, bioenergy, and much
environmentally friendly (small) hydropower is in agricultural and forested
regions
·
Improved
self-determination and de-risking through low investment cost of self-supply
·
Invigoration of
cooperative movement for bottom-up economic development & capital formation
·
Strengthening democracy
& local government, by closing local economic loops
·
Improves
self-determination through smart energy
management
·
Facilitating
participation (access to decision-making), enhancing social & political
cohesion
·
Breaking the nuclear
industrial-military complex with its stranglehold on too many countries
·
Reducing secrecy,
improving accountability, restoring parliamentary oversight of budget spending
·
Increasing
accountability and transparency reveals true costs of fossil fuels &
nuclear power enforcing both accountability and transparency will strengthen
the status of democracy.
·
Reducing legacy costs and
risks (as burdens on future generations)
·
Reducing exposure to
radiation and toxic trans-Uranium elements (health benefits)
·
Ending nuclear accident
risks (with benefits for victims; as builders, owners, operators, host
countries are shielded from liability though caps and waivers) >
environmental justice
·
Tentative: Controlling
energy system helps well-being & happiness, like own house
·
…
Foreign affairs and security policy
·
Building of soft power
(for Germany, but also Denmark, Costa Rica, and others)
·
Reducing dependence on
(fossil) imports (from potentially hostile or fragile) countries
·
Reducing vulnerability
to disruptions along supply routes and at trading hubs
·
Domestic renewable
energies cannot be denied by enemies (Steinmeier, BETD 2015)
·
Lifting the (fossil)
resource curse (from people in autocratic “petro-states”)
·
Fighting the “Dutch
disease” (afflicting well governed countries by crowding out talent and
investment from important areas of the economy)
·
Reducing risk of
nuclear proliferation; costs of sanctions, boycotts etc.
·
Reducing risk of
nuclear terrorism (including with “dirty bombs”)
·
…
Indirect Benefits
·
Fossil energies are
more transport intensive than renewable energies
·
Co-transformation of
energy and transport systems
·
Massive reduction in
weight, complexity, and moving parts in cars (resource benefits)
·
Electric mobility and
smart apps enable car-sharing (fewer cars, much lower emissions, urban benefits
on air quality, noise, oil spills, …)
·
Smart energy systems
and zero-energy buildings reduce housing costs
·
…
Macroeconomic Cost of the Energiewende
With all those benefits
– and in spite of some costs and trade-offs that are not discussed here – what
is the cost of the Energiewende to
the German economy or the end users of electricity? The answer, in one word, is: Nothing!
Or: Not much more compared to a world without an Energiewende, and maybe even less.
Or: Any added cost is too small to measure reliably (against a counterfactual) and is irrelevant.
Or: Not much more compared to a world without an Energiewende, and maybe even less.
Or: Any added cost is too small to measure reliably (against a counterfactual) and is irrelevant.
The evidence is
presented in these graphs. One shows the
percentage of GDP expended by end users for electricity as a measure of the
total cost of the electricity system as a whole for 1991 to 2014. The other shows the evolution of world-market
and import prices for (fossil) energy imports for 2000 to 2014, scaled and positioned
to align the years over both graphs. The
conclusion is: The small increase in total electricity costs in Germany since
2000 is most likely caused by the rising cost of fossil import. The Energiewende
is reducing those costs over time and will make Germany‘s economy more
competitive.
Future of Humanity
The Energiewende enables a global energy
transformation, perhaps fast enough to limit global overheating to 1.5°C.
It is economically self-sustaining, would be self-accelerating if the
German government would not legislate to slow it, and is internationally
self-replicating. The downward cost
curves for renewables, storage, energy efficiency and smart-grid technologies
contrast with flat to rising cost curves for fossil energy extraction and
processing, and the rising costs of nuclear energy. The energy transformation is a runaway
success, so its co-benefits will be replicated and multiplied. The ultimate benefit may be continued human
life on Earth in a civilisation that is peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable.
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